11/4/2023 0 Comments Ideal lattice math![]() In 2022, the team simulated the thermalization dynamics of transitioning from a non-equilibrium to an equilibrium state in lattice gauge field theories. This marked the first experimental simulation of the quantum phase transition process in the U(1) lattice gauge theory, specifically the Schwinger Model. In 2020, a research team from USTC developed an ultracold atomic optical lattice quantum simulator with 71 lattice points. The emergence of ultracold atomic quantum simulators has provided an ideal experimental platform for studying gauge theories and statistical physics concurrently. While theoretical physicists have proposed various models to analyze this issue, it remains experimentally challenging to construct a physical system that is both described by gauge theory and that can be artificially manipulated and observed during its thermalization process. ![]() So, does a quantum many-body system described by gauge theory thermalize to a thermodynamic equilibrium when it's far from equilibrium? Answering this question would advance our understanding of gauge theory, statistical mechanics, and their interrelation. It elucidates, for instance, how the energy distribution of microscopic particles affects macroscopic quantities like pressure, volume, or temperature. On the other hand, statistical mechanics connects the microscopic states of large ensembles of particles (such as atoms and molecules) to their macroscopic statistical behaviors, based on the principle of maximum entropy proposed by Boltzmann and others. From the Maxwell's equations of classical electromagnetism to quantum electrodynamics and the Standard Model, which describe the interactions of fundamental particles, all adhere to specific gauge symmetries. Gauge theory and statistical mechanics are two foundational theories of physics. The results were published in Physical Review Letters. Their findings reveal that multi-body systems possessing gauge symmetry tend to thermalize to an equilibrium state more easily when situated in a quantum phase transition critical region. The research was led by Pan Jianwei and Yuan Zhensheng, in collaboration with Zhai Hui from Tsinghua University and Yao Zhiyuan from Lanzhou University. ![]() Researchers from the University of Science and Technology of China(USTC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have developed an ultra-cold atom quantum simulator to study the relationship between the non-equilibrium thermalization process and quantum criticality in lattice gauge field theories. (c) An Ising-type quantum phase transition by tuning m/˜t. The open and solid circles with + or − denote physical charge zero, +1 or −1 at the matter sites, and the arrows denote the electric field. Here, U denotes the on-site interaction strength, J denotes the hopping amplitude of bosons, δ denotes the energy offset between neighboring shallow and deep lattices, and Δ denotes the linear tilt per site. (b) The physical model with bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice with alternating deep and shallow lattice sites. We combine the optical superlattices and the addressing beam generated by the digital micromirror device (DMD) to prepare the initial |Z 2⟩ state The top shows an exemplary raw-data fluorescence image of the atom distribution of the initial |Z 2⟩ state in a single experimental realization. (a) Schematic of the ultracold atom microscope and the prepared |Z 2⟩ initial state.
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